Binary quantum random number generator based on value indefinite observables

Abstract

Abstract All quantum random number generators based on measuring value indefinite observables are at least three-dimensional because the Kochen–Specker Theorem and the Located Kochen–Specker Theorem are false in dimension two. In this article, we construct quantum random number generators based on measuring a three-dimensional value indefinite observable that generates binary quantum random outputs with the same randomness qualities as the ternary ones: the outputs are maximally unpredictable.

Keywords

• Three-dimensional quantum random generator quantum
• Quantum value indefinite observable
• Kochen–Specker Theorem
• Located Kochen–Specker Theorem
• Maximal unpredictable sequences