Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus incrassatulus using natural deep eutectic solvent under microwave assisted by ultrasound

Reda Fassi Fihri; Amine Ez-Zoubi; Latifa Mbarkiou; Aya Amar; Abdellah Farah; El Ouazna Bouchamma

Heliyon (Aug 2024)

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus incrassatulus using natural deep eutectic solvent under microwave assisted by ultrasound

Reda Fassi Fihri,
Amine Ez-Zoubi,
Latifa Mbarkiou,
Aya Amar,
Abdellah Farah,
El Ouazna Bouchamma

Affiliations

Reda Fassi Fihri: Functional Ecology and Environment Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer street, B.P. 2202, Fez, Morocco; Corresponding author.
Amine Ez-Zoubi: Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer street, B.P. 2202, Fez, Morocco
Latifa Mbarkiou: Functional Ecology and Environment Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer street, B.P. 2202, Fez, Morocco
Aya Amar: Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-Food and Health, Faculty of Science Dhar Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Atlas, B. P. 1796, Fez, Morocco
Abdellah Farah: Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer street, B.P. 2202, Fez, Morocco
El Ouazna Bouchamma: Functional Ecology and Environment Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer street, B.P. 2202, Fez, Morocco; Corresponding author.

Journal volume & issue: Vol. 10, no. 15
p. e35071

Abstract

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Microalgae are increasingly recognized as promising sources of natural bioactive compounds. However, traditional extraction methods using volatile organic solvents (VOCs) pose environmental risks. This study explores renewable deep eutectic solvents (DES) as sustainable alternatives for extracting bioactive compounds from microalgae biomass, focusing on Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus incrassatulus. Four DES systems, comprising choline chloride (ChCl) and glycerol, citric acid, urea, and glucose, were compared with three conventional solvents (ethanol, methanol, and water). Extraction efficiency was assessed based on total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content, and tannin content, followed by antioxidant activity evaluation using DPPH, CAT, and FRAP assays. Additionally, antibacterial activity of the DES extracts was determined against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 3366) using disc diffusion and microplate dilution methods to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results reveal that DES, particularly choline chloride: citric acid, outperform conventional solvents in terms of polyphenol extraction efficiency, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. For instance, the citric acid-based DES (SIDES2) showed a TPC of 4.98 mg/g, while the conventional solvent ethanol exhibited a TPC of 3.27 mg/g. Additionally, SIDES2 exhibiting the highest DPPH scavenging activity of 75 %, compared to 60 % for ethanol. Furthermore, SIDES2 showed an MIC of 0.5 mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus. This study underscores the potential of DES for sustainable extraction of natural antioxidants from microalgae biomass, contributing to the development of environmentally friendly extraction processes in various industries.

Published in Heliyon

ISSN: 2405-8440 (Online)
Publisher: Elsevier
Country of publisher: United Kingdom
LCC subjects: Science: Science (General); Social Sciences: Social sciences (General)
Website: https://www.cell.com/heliyon/home

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