Temporal variability in bioassays of the stomatal ammonia compensation point in relation to plant and soil nitrogen parameters in intensively managed grassland

Abstract

The exchange of ammonia between crop canopies and the atmosphere depends on a range of plant parameters and climatic conditions. However, little is known about effects of management factors. We have here investigated the stomatal ammonia compensation point in response to cutting and fertilization of a grass sward dominated by <i>Lolium perenne</i>. Tall grass had a very low NH₃ compensation point (around 1 nmol mol^&minus;1), reflecting the fact that leaf nitrogen (N) concentration was very low. During re-growth after cutting, leaf tissue concentrations of NO₃^&minus;, NH₄⁺, soluble N and total N increased along with apoplastic NH₄⁺ concentrations. In contrast, apoplastic pH decreased resulting in largely unaltered NH₃ compensation points. Nitrogen fertilization one week after cutting caused the apoplastic NH₄⁺ concentration of the newly emerging leaves to increase dramatically. The NH₃ compensation point peaked between 15 and 25 nmol mol^&minus;1 the day after the fertiliser was applied and thereafter decreased over the following 10 days until reaching the same level as before fertilisation. Ammonium concentrations in leaf apoplast, bulk tissue and litter were positively correlated (P=0.001) throughout the experimental period. Bulk tissue NH₄⁺ concentrations, total plant N and soil NH₄⁺ concentrations also showed a positive correlation. A very high potential for NH₃ emission was shown by the plant litter.