Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (Dec 2024)
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) metabolites in urine are associated with increased systemic inflammation levels, and smokers are identified as a vulnerable population
Abstract
Background: Previous studies indicated that exposure to VOCs was linked to increased systemic inflammation levels. However, the dose-response relationships between urine VOCs metabolites and systemic inflammation have not been established, and the key metabolite of the toxic compounds has not been identified. Methods: We used data in 7007 US adults in the NHANES cycles (2011–2018) across 8 years. Urinary VOC metabolites were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI/MSMS). VOC metabolites were adjusted by urinary creatinine level before analysis. Systemic inflammation was assessed by systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) indices. Generalized linear models, restricted cubic splines (RCS), and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were applied to evaluate the associations, exposure-response (E-R) curve and identify the key contributor compound, adjusting for gender, age, race, BMI, marital condition, education level, smoking level, alcohol consumption and physical activity. Smoking status was assessed as an effect modifier. Results: Significant and robust positive correlations were found between 8 VOC metabolites and both SII and SIRI. They were N-Acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine (CEMA), N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (CYMA), N-Acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (DHBMA), N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (3HPMA), mandelic acid (MA), N-Acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-butenyl)-L-cysteine (MHBMA3), phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA), and N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl-1-methyl)-L-cysteine (HPMMA). The RCS curves showed J-shaped or exponential shaped E-R relationships for most VOC metabolites. WQS regression found that exposure to the mixture of VOC metabolites was related to increased systemic inflammation, and MA was the key VOC metabolite contributing most to systemic inflammation levels. Smokers exhibited higher levels of urinary VOCs and larger susceptibility to VOC-related increases in SII and SIRI compared to non-smokers. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a strong link between urinary VOC metabolites and increased systemic inflammation, and smokers were more susceptible. Our findings highlighted the significance of reducing VOC exposure to mitigate the inflammation levels, particularly for smokers.
