Treatment Strategy and Outcomes in Patients with Hematogenous Culture-Negative Pyogenic Vertebral Osteomyelitis

Abstract

Study Design Retrospective case series. Purpose The aim of this study was to analyze functional and radiological outcomes in patients with culture-negative pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis (PVO). Overview of Literature There were only few literature available for these group of patients. Methods Patients with biopsy-positive but culture-negative PVO were included. We analyzed records for data on demography, comorbidities, coexisting infections, neurological status, prior antibiotic therapy, pre- and postoperative erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein levels, and Oswestry Disability Index, and Japanese Orthopedics Association scores. Results Sixty-one patients were included, of which data of 45 patients were available for follow-up. The patients were predominantly males (71%), with a mean age of 53.2 years. Seventy-seven percent patients had comorbidities. Echocardiography, blood culture, and urine culture were performed on 8%, 24%, and 18% of patients, respectively. Thirty-one percent patients had neurological deficits. Computed tomography-guided biopsy was performed on 67% patients. Fifty-two percent patients were treated surgically, and 48% were treated non-surgically. Nineteen percent patients were treated according to the results of cultures from other foci, and the rest were treated empirically. For the initial 2 weeks, all patients were treated with intravenous antibiotics empirically or based on culture from other foci. This treatment was followed by 10 weeks of oral cloxacillin/cephalexin for gram-positive organisms or ciprofloxacin for gram-negative organisms. The mean follow-up time was 18 months (range, 12–120 months). All patients had improvement in Japanese Orthopedics Association, Oswestry Disability Index, and Visual Analog Scale scores (p<0.001). Conclusions Treatment with empirical antibiotics for 12 weeks with watchful clinical and radiological follow-up yields good resolution of the disease. Further multicenter clinical research needs to be performed for obtaining an algorithmic treatment plan for these patients.

Keywords

• Pyogenic spondylodiscitis
• Culture negative pyogenic infection