AppliedMath (May 2024)
SIRS Epidemic Models with Delays, Partial and Temporary Immunity and Vaccination
Abstract
The basic reproduction, or reproductive number, is a useful index that indicates whether or not there will be an epidemic. However, it is also very important to determine whether an epidemic will eventually decrease and disappear or persist as an endemic. Different infectious diseases have different behaviors and mathematical models used to simulated them should capture the most important processes; however, the models also involve simplifications. Influenza epidemics are usually short-lived and can be modeled with ordinary differential equations without considering demographics. Delays such as the infection time can change the behavior of the solutions. The same is true if there is permanent or temporary immunity, or complete or partial immunity. Vaccination, isolation and the use of antivirals can also change the outcome. In this paper, we introduce several new models and use them to find the effects of all the above factors paying special attention to whether the model can represent an infectious process that eventually disappears. We determine the equilibrium solutions and establish the stability of the disease-free equilibrium using various methods. We also show that many models of influenza or other epidemics with a short duration do not have solutions with a disappearing epidemic. The main objective of the paper is to introduce different ways of modeling immunity in epidemic models. Several scenarios with different immunities are studied since a person may not be re-infected because he/she has total or partial immunity or because there were no close contacts. We show that some relatively small changes, such as in the vaccination rate, can significantly change the dynamics; for example, the existence and number of the disease-free equilibria. We also illustrate that while introducing delays makes the models more realistic, the dynamics have the same qualitative behavior.
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