Environment International (Apr 2022)
In-kitchen aerosol exposure in twelve cities across the globe
- Prashant Kumar,
- Sarkawt Hama,
- Rana Alaa Abbass,
- Thiago Nogueira,
- Veronika S. Brand,
- Huai-Wen Wu,
- Francis Olawale Abulude,
- Adedeji A. Adelodun,
- Partibha Anand,
- Maria de Fatima Andrade,
- William Apondo,
- Araya Asfaw,
- Kosar Hama Aziz,
- Shi-Jie Cao,
- Ahmed El-Gendy,
- Gopika Indu,
- Anderson Gwanyebit Kehbila,
- Matthias Ketzel,
- Mukesh Khare,
- Sri Harsha Kota,
- Tesfaye Mamo,
- Steve Manyozo,
- Jenny Martinez,
- Aonghus McNabola,
- Lidia Morawska,
- Fryad Mustafa,
- Adamson S. Muula,
- Samiha Nahian,
- Adelaide Cassia Nardocci,
- William Nelson,
- Aiwerasia V. Ngowi,
- George Njoroge,
- Yris Olaya,
- Khalid Omer,
- Philip Osano,
- Md Riad Sarkar Pavel,
- Abdus Salam,
- Erik Luan Costa Santos,
- Cynthia Sitati,
- S.M. Shiva Nagendra
Affiliations
- Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Corresponding author at: Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom.
- Sarkawt Hama
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Rana Alaa Abbass
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Thiago Nogueira
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas – Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas – IAG, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Veronika S. Brand
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas – Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas – IAG, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Huai-Wen Wu
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Francis Olawale Abulude
- Science and Education Development Institute, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
- Adedeji A. Adelodun
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, The Federal University of Technology Akure, 340001, Nigeria
- Partibha Anand
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
- Maria de Fatima Andrade
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas – Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas – IAG, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- William Apondo
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Araya Asfaw
- Physics Department, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
- Kosar Hama Aziz
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Shi-Jie Cao
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Ahmed El-Gendy
- Department of Construction Engineering, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Gopika Indu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- Anderson Gwanyebit Kehbila
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Matthias Ketzel
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Mukesh Khare
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
- Sri Harsha Kota
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
- Tesfaye Mamo
- Physics Department, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
- Steve Manyozo
- Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Malawi
- Jenny Martinez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
- Aonghus McNabola
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Lidia Morawska
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Fryad Mustafa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Adamson S. Muula
- Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Malawi
- Samiha Nahian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
- Adelaide Cassia Nardocci
- Department of Environmental Health - School of Public Health - University of São Paulo, Brazil
- William Nelson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania
- Aiwerasia V. Ngowi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania
- George Njoroge
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Yris Olaya
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
- Khalid Omer
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Philip Osano
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Md Riad Sarkar Pavel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
- Abdus Salam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
- Erik Luan Costa Santos
- Department of Environmental Health - School of Public Health - University of São Paulo, Brazil
- Cynthia Sitati
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- S.M. Shiva Nagendra
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- Journal volume & issue
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Vol. 162
p. 107155
Abstract
Poor ventilation and polluting cooking fuels in low-income homes cause high exposure, yet relevant global studies are limited. We assessed exposure to in-kitchen particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) employing similar instrumentation in 60 low-income homes across 12 cities: Dhaka (Bangladesh); Chennai (India); Nanjing (China); Medellín (Colombia); São Paulo (Brazil); Cairo (Egypt); Sulaymaniyah (Iraq); Addis Ababa (Ethiopia); Akure (Nigeria); Blantyre (Malawi); Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania) and Nairobi (Kenya). Exposure profiles of kitchen occupants showed that fuel, kitchen volume, cooking type and ventilation were the most prominent factors affecting in-kitchen exposure. Different cuisines resulted in varying cooking durations and disproportional exposures. Occupants in Dhaka, Nanjing, Dar-es-Salaam and Nairobi spent > 40% of their cooking time frying (the highest particle emitting cooking activity) compared with ∼ 68% of time spent boiling/stewing in Cairo, Sulaymaniyah and Akure. The highest average PM2.5 (PM10) concentrations were in Dhaka 185 ± 48 (220 ± 58) μg m−3 owing to small kitchen volume, extensive frying and prolonged cooking compared with the lowest in Medellín 10 ± 3 (14 ± 2) μg m−3. Dual ventilation (mechanical and natural) in Chennai, Cairo and Sulaymaniyah reduced average in-kitchen PM2.5 and PM10 by 2.3- and 1.8-times compared with natural ventilation (open doors) in Addis Ababa, Dar-es-Salam and Nairobi. Using charcoal during cooking (Addis Ababa, Blantyre and Nairobi) increased PM2.5 levels by 1.3- and 3.1-times compared with using natural gas (Nanjing, Medellin and Cairo) and LPG (Chennai, Sao Paulo and Sulaymaniyah), respectively. Smaller-volume kitchens (<15 m3; Dhaka and Nanjing) increased cooking exposure compared with their larger-volume counterparts (Medellin, Cairo and Sulaymaniyah). Potential exposure doses were highest for Asian, followed by African, Middle-eastern and South American homes. We recommend increased cooking exhaust extraction, cleaner fuels, awareness on improved cooking practices and minimising passive occupancy in kitchens to mitigate harmful cooking emissions.
