Investigation of Sleep Quality and Associated Social Psychological Factors During the COVID-19 Outbreak

Abstract

Objective:The Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its restrictions as well as economic problems have caused an increase in depression, anxiety and quality of sleep; and the quality of life of people have deteriorated. We evaluated depression, anxiety, sleep and quality of life in terms of gender, age, occupation and income level during the COVID-19 pandemic.Materials and Methods:A total of 352 individuals participating in this study online in İstanbul were evaluated for depression using the Beck Depression index (BDI) and Beck Anxiety index (BAI), sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index (PSQI), quality of life using the short form-36 (SF-36) in terms of gender, age, occupation and income level.Results:Although the prevalence of depression was 18.5% and anxiety was 24.5%, sleep quality was poor in 69.5% of the participants. BDI, BAI (p<0.01) and PSQI scores were significantly higher in females, whereas SF-36 scores were low (p<0.05). BDI and BAI scores were high in the 31-40 age group (p=0.006, p=0.023); SF-36 scores, however, were low (p=0.016). No difference by age in the PSQI scores was noted. Although the PSQI score was highest among healthcare workers, BDI score was highest among students. No difference in BAI and SF-36 scores was recorded by profession. BDI (p<0.05), BAI and PSQI scores of the high-income group were lower whereas SF-36 scores were higher (p<0.01).Conclusion:In the COVID-19 pandemic, sleep quality deteriorated, and the frequency of depression and anxiety increased. This is particularly associated with the females and the young (<40 years old); however, an inverse relationship was noted with those with a high-income status, and the sleep quality of healthcare workers has become worse.

Keywords

• covid-19
• pandemic
• depression
• anxiety
• sleep quality