Essential role of ROS – 8-Nitro-cGMP signaling in long-term memory of motor learning and cerebellar synaptic plasticity

Abstract

Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to have harmful effects in organisms, recent studies have demonstrated expression of ROS synthases at various parts of the organisms and the controlled ROS generation, suggesting possible involvement of ROS signaling in physiological events of individuals. However, physiological roles of ROS in the CNS, including functional roles in higher brain functions or neuronal activity-dependent ROS production, remain to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrated involvement of ROS – 8-NO2-cGMP signaling in motor learning and synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum. In the presence of inhibitors of ROS signal or ROS synthases, cerebellar motor learning was impaired, and the stimulus inducing long-term depression (LTD), cellular basis for the motor learning, failed to induce LTD but induced long-term potentiation (LTP)-like change at cerebellar synapses. Furthermore, ROS was produced by LTD-inducing stimulus in enzyme-dependent manner, and excess administration of the antioxidant vitamin E impaired cerebellar motor learning, suggesting beneficial roles of endogenous ROS in the learning. As a downstream signal, involvement of 8-NO2-cGMP in motor learning and cerebellar LTD were also revealed. These findings indicate that ROS – 8-NO2-cGMP signal is activated by neuronal activity and is essential for cerebellum-dependent motor learning and synaptic plasticity, demonstrating involvement of the signal in physiological function of brain systems.

Keywords

• Reactive oxygen species
• Motor learning
• Synaptic plasticity
• Cerebellum
• Nitric oxide
• Antioxidant