Irrigation of a golf course with UV-treated wastewater: effects on soil and turfgrass bacteriological quality

Abstract

Abstract This research was carried out to assess the impact of treated wastewater irrigation on soil bacteriological and physicochemical properties and turfgrass bacteriological quality. Two golf courses were studied: a golf course A irrigated with freshwater (FW) and a golf course B irrigated with UV-treated wastewater (UV-TW). The physicochemical parameters (electrical conductivity and pH) of the soil were determined. FW, UV-TW, lake-stored water (LSW), turfgrass, and soil were collected, and their bacteriological parameters were determined. These parameters include: Escherichia coli, faecal enterococci, and faecal coliform. The results showed that the soil irrigated with treated wastewater (S-TW) showed a significant increase in the pH when compared with the soil irrigated with freshwater (S-FW). However, no significant difference was recorded in soil electrical conductivity. Faecal indicators concentration of the irrigation water samples varied considerably, and the concentrations in LSW frequently exceed those of the water at the output of the treatment plant (UV-TW). The comparison of the faecal contamination between the two golf courses indicates no significant difference in E. coli and faecal coliform concentrations. However, a significant difference was detected in faecal enterococci contamination. This study confirms that, under appropriate conditions, treated wastewater produced by M’zar wastewater treatment plant can be used as an alternative water resource for golf courses irrigation in Agadir city, Morocco.

Keywords

• Faecal contamination
• Morocco
• Irrigation
• Physicochemical parameters
• Treated wastewater