The association of multidimensional frailty with metabolic syndrome and low-grade inflammation in community-dwelling older adults in the Netherlands: a Lifelines cohort study

Abstract

Abstract Background Preventing metabolic syndrome (MetS) and frailty in older adults is crucial for healthy aging. The association between MetS and physical frailty is well-documented, with low-grade inflammation as potential explanation. However, the association between MetS and frailty as a multidimensional concept, and the association of low-grade inflammation with presence of MetS and frailty, is yet unclear. Therefore, we examined these associations low-grade inflammation in a large cohort of community-dwelling older adults. Methods This cross-sectional study was performed among adults aged ≥ 65 years enrolled in the Dutch Lifelines population cohort. MetS was defined according to the Joint Interim Statement of 2009. Frailty was measured by the Groningen Frailty Indicator (GFI), which consists of 15 self-reported items on both physical and psychosocial functioning, with a score ≥ 4 indicating presence of frailty. The association between MetS and its five components and frailty was assessed using logistic regression models. Low-grade inflammation was represented by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) level. The association of hsCRP level with presence of MetS and frailty was assessed using multinomial logistic regression in a sub-cohort with available hsCRP measurements. Results Of 11,552 adults (52.1% women) included, the prevalences of MetS and frailty were 28% and 15%, respectively. MetS was positively associated with frailty after adjusting for relevant covariates (OR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.22–1.53). MetS components elevated blood pressure was most strongly associated with frailty. In the sub-cohort of 3896 participants, high hsCRP was associated with presence of MetS and frailty (OR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.15–1.51), and MetS alone (OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.33–1.56), but not to frailty alone. A higher hsCRP level was associated with a higher score on the physical domain of frailty (b: 0.06; 95% CI: 0.03–0.08). Conclusions Presence of MetS is associated with presence of frailty indicated by a multidimensional index in a large group of Dutch older adults. Low-grade inflammation, indicated by plasma hsCRP level, was found to be associated with both presence of MetS and frailty and presence of MetS alone. Increased hsCRP levels were associated with the physical component of frailty, but not with frailty as a multidimensional concept.

Keywords

• Metabolic syndrome
• Frailty
• Groningen frailty indicator
• Older adults
• Healthy aging