Heliyon (Sep 2022)
Explain the challenges of evacuation in floods based on the views of citizens and executive managers
Abstract
Background: Flood is one of the natural hazards that causes a lot of human and financial losses. Emergency evacuation in the response phase is necessary to reduce damage. The present study was conducted to explain the challenges related to evacuation in floods based on the views of citizens and executive managers. Materials and methods: In this study, a qualitative research method with a contractual content analysis approach was used. 27 participants including 10 citizens and 17 executive managers were included in the study by purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. In order to have confidence the validity of the results, rigor was certified by using the guidelines suggested by Guba and Lincoln for making trustworthiness. The duration of the interview was between 45 min and 60 min. The interviews were handwritten by line-by-line content analysis and then analyzed. Results: Data analysis led to the extraction of 6 main categories with 14 sub-categories including: lack of primary warning system (with 2 sub-categories, lack of national early warning system and lack of attention to early warning), insufficient resources (with 4 sub-categories, lack of equipment, lack of manpower Human resources, inadequate allocation of financial resources and lack of information resources), problems related to unpreparedness (having 2 sub-categories, lack of pre-determined program and lack of attention to public education), problems related to emergency housing (having 2 sub-categories, lack of housing program and lack of attention to indigenous culture in housing), lack of risk perception (has 2 sub-categories of people’s belief in floods and officials' belief in flood) and problems related to lack of coordination (has 2 sub-categories of internal disharmony and external disharmony). Conclusion: To increase evacuation, it is necessary to identify the relevant challenges. Establishing an early warning system and evacuation plan, supply of resources, and increase risk perception and coordination can increase the speed of evacuation and reduce the financial and human losses caused by floods.
