Placeholders in crosslinguistic perspective: abilities, preferences, and usage motives

Abstract

In spontaneous discourse, a speaker sometimes encounters word-formulation trouble, and she may use a ‘placeholder’ (PH) such as whatchamacallit and you-know-what, a dummy expression to be inserted into the slot of a ‘target form’ in the sentence structure of an utterance. It has been widely held that there are two types of usage motives: (i) a speaker cannot produce a target form when, e.g., she does not recall it, or (ii) a speaker does not want to produce a target form when, e.g., it is considered taboo. Previous studies have described the grammatical and functional properties of PHs in a variety of languages, but no study has examined their usage-motive patterns crosslinguistically. In this paper, I propose an implicational hierarchy relating to the usage motives of PHs based on the relevance-theoretic notions of ‘ability’ and ‘preference’ and derive several predictions from this hierarchy, which are tested against PH data in 56 languages. The predictions are mostly confirmed, with some (putative) counterexamples explained by non-cognitive–pragmatic factors (e.g., lexical-semantic factors). As an implication, the hierarchy may also serve as a basis for drawing predictions in other linguistic fields (e.g., language acquisition).

Keywords

• placeholder
• speaker’s ability
• speaker’s preference
• usage motive
• relevance theory