Multistate modeling of Florida scrub‐jay adult survival and breeding transitions

Abstract

Abstract Adult nonbreeders are important for the stability and conservation of many species despite that their functional roles are often undervalued. Nonbreeders can buffer breeding population sizes and help their kin raise new generations of offspring, but in high numbers can compete and have negative effects. Long‐term studies are useful for elucidating relationships among nonbreeder population parameters, such as density, survival, and transitions to breeding status. Florida scrub‐jays are cooperative breeders where young delay breeding often for many years and are at risk of extinction across most of their range. Our objectives were to estimate how population covariates (pair density and mean family size) influenced Florida scrub‐jay adult nonbreeder survival and breeding transitions using long‐term data of uniquely marked birds and multistate capture–recapture models. The evolution and maintenance of Florida scrub‐jay delayed breeding has been attributed to living in crowded and sharply delineated habitat at Archbold Biological Station, the site of longest long‐term study. Contrastingly, most habitat we studied had a dynamic mixture of habitat quality with mean family sizes and pair densities much lower than the stable, optimal habitat at Archbold Biological Station. Despite having densities below carrying capacity, Florida scrub‐jays still delayed breeding. We found that greater mean family size was associated with greater breeder survival, possibly because nonbreeders contributed to predator detection and territory defense. Nonbreeder‐to‐breeder transitions increased with increased annual breeder mortality rates but were influenced little by population densities. Most Florida scrub‐jays became breeders by replacing dead breeders within occupied territories, and many male and female nonbreeders inherited their territories upon the death of their parents. Nonbreeders buffered changes in the breeding population supporting greater recognition of nonbreeder population roles within field and modeling studies.

Keywords

• buffering
• delayed breeding
• long‐term studies
• nonbreeders
• population density