Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on the course of chronic heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, which is the result of impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes is accompanied by damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Diabetes mellitus plays a significant role in the formation and is one of the significant risk factors for the development of chronic heart failure (CHF) through its glucose toxic effect, the effect on hyperlipidemia and blood coagulation, impaired autonomic regulation of the heart and a number of other mechanisms. Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a recently emerging class of antidiabetic drugs that act by inhibiting the reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys. Existing studies of the efficacy and safety of these drugs have shown that they have not only antidiabetic, but also a pronounced organoprotective, especially cardioprotective effect. Today it is believed that the main reason leading to this lies in a decrease in sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, a decrease in the content of intracellular calcium and sodium, and an increase in the concentration of calcium in mitochondria. The role of the ketogenic action of these drugs, their effect on oxidative stress and the processes of inflammation and fibrosis in the myocardium is also considered. The most common side effects of SGLT2 inhibitors include urinary tract and genital infections, euglycemic ketoacidosis. Other possible side effects include an increased risk of lower limb amputations, Fournier gangrene, breast cancer in women, bladder cancer in men, orthostatic hypotension and acute kidney injury, and an increased tendency to fracture. Most side effects can be avoided through adequate patient education and assessment of risk factors and contraindications before starting the use of drugs. Despite the clear need for more research on SGLT2 inhibitors, their widespread use will positively affect the health of the diabetic patient population.

Keywords

• type 2 diabetes
• chronic heart failure
• sglt2 inhibitors
• canagliflozin
• dapagliflozin
• empagliflozin
• cardioprotection
• nephroprotection
• ketoacidosis
• natriuresis
• side effects of sglt2 inhibitors