Optimizing generalized anxiety disorder screening in young adults perinatally affected by HIV: A psychometric analysis

Abstract

Background: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is prevalent among people with HIV and is associated with adverse health outcomes. This study investigates the suitability of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 item (GAD-7) screening tool and its 2-item (GAD-2) version for use in young adults with perinatally-acquired HIV (YAPHIV) and young adults perinatally exposed to HIV but uninfected (YAPHEU). Methods: Data come from the 7th follow-up interview (FU7) from a longitudinal study of youth with PHIV and PHEU, first recruited when 9–16 years. The GAD-7 was administered along with a diagnostic psychiatric interview (DISC-IV). Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis assessed accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the GAD7 and GAD-2. Subgroup analyses considered HIV status, ethnicity, and race. Results: At FU7, participants (n = 204) were ages 20–29; 54% female; and the majority African-American and/or Latinx. 12% met diagnostic criteria for GAD. Recommended GAD-7 (>10) and GAD-2 (>3) cut-scores showed suboptimal sensitivity (0.52 and 0.48, respectively) and high specificity (0.91 and 0.90, respectively). Lowering cut-scores (GAD-7 >6 and GAD-2 >2) improved sensitivity (0.76 and 0.80) while sacrificing specificity (0.77 and 0.78). Stratified analyses by HIV status revealed similar accuracy in YAPHIV and YAPHEU. Race/ethnicity did not significantly affect cut-scores. Discussion: Anxiety disorders are common in YAPHIV, and efficient screening is essential. While the GAD-7 and GAD-2 show promise, recommended cut-scores may not be optimal. Lowering cut-scores may enhance sensitivity without losing clinical utility. Further research is needed to refine cut-scores based on demographic characteristics and in global contexts, ensuring effective anxiety screening in this population.

Keywords

• HIV
• Anxiety
• GAD-7
• Validation
• Young adults