Effective automatic detection of anterior cruciate ligament injury using convolutional neural network with two attention mechanism modules

Abstract

Abstract Background To develop a fully automated CNN detection system based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for ACL injury, and to explore the feasibility of CNN for ACL injury detection on MRI images. Methods Including 313 patients aged 16 – 65 years old, the raw data are 368 pieces with injured ACL and 100 pieces with intact ACL. By adding flipping, rotation, scaling and other methods to expand the data, the final data set is 630 pieces including 355 pieces of injured ACL and 275 pieces of intact ACL. Using the proposed CNN model with two attention mechanism modules, data sets are trained and tested with fivefold cross-validation. Results The performance is evaluated using accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity and F1 score of our proposed CNN model, with results of 0.8063, 0.7741, 0.9268, 0.6509 and 0.8436. The average accuracy in the fivefold cross-validation is 0.8064. For our model, the average area under curves (AUC) for detecting injured ACL has results of 0.8886. Conclusion We propose an effective and automatic CNN model to detect ACL injury from MRI of human knees. This model can effectively help clinicians diagnose ACL injury, improving diagnostic efficiency and reducing misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis.

Keywords

• Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury
• Convolutional neural network (CNN)
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Artificial intelligence (AI)