Identification of Minuscule Inward Currents as Precursors to Membrane Electroporation-Induced Currents: Real-Time Prediction of Pore Appearance

Abstract

Background/Aims: The objective of this study is to examine the current signals in response to large hyperpolarizations with the aid of principal component analysis (PCA) to search for or even predict current fluctuations related to membrane electroporation-induced current (IMEP). Methods: The characteristics of principal eigenvalues generated for IMEP and the current signals at 10 sec prior to the start of initial IMEP (IPre) were examined. As membrane hyperpolarizations were applied at 0.1 Hz, the appearance of IMEP coincided with the higher principal eigenvalues extracted in PCA. Results: Subsequent addition of LaCl3 (100 µM) greatly reduced IMEP and associated principal eigenvalues. In real-time analysis for a single frame (i.e, 300 msec), in response to large hyperpolarization, multiple runs of heralded minuscule inward currents (Imin) occurring before large rise in current amplitudes were detected. With PCA, such heralded Imin was noted to coincide with the extreme principal eigenvalues. The duration of Imin together with large principal eigenvalues was influenced by different levels of membrane hyperpolarization. In GH3 cells, palmitoyl-L-carnitine (PALCAR), a long-chain acylcarnitine, effectively increased the IMEP amplitude with an EC50 value of 2.4 µM. However, in PALCAR-treated cells, the Imin together with higher principal eigenvalues disappeared, while in isoflurane-treated cells, Imin occurring before large rise of current amplitude remained intact. Similarly, the PCA analysis from IPre in RAW 264.6 macrophages showed the presence of herald Imin accompanied by the extreme principal eigenvalues. Conclusion: It is clear from this study that these large principal eigenvalues are representative of MEP-associated formation of electropores. Therefore, different compositions around the surface membrane of cells may alter the appearance of Imin followed by IMEP emergence.

Keywords

• Membrane electroporation
• Ion current
• Principal component analysis (PCA)
• Palmitoyl-L-carinitine