Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Nov 2009)

Daytime SABER/TIMED observations of water vapor in the mesosphere: retrieval approach and first results

  • S. V. Petelina,
  • J. M. Russell III,
  • V. A. Yankovsky,
  • R. O. Manuilova,
  • M. López-Puertas,
  • M. García-Comas,
  • L. L. Gordley,
  • B. T. Marshall,
  • R. A. Goldberg,
  • W. D. Pesnell,
  • A. A. Kutepov,
  • A. G. Feofilov

Journal volume & issue
Vol. 9, no. 21
pp. 8139 – 8158

Abstract

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This paper describes a methodology for water vapor retrieval in the mesosphere-lower thermosphere (MLT) using 6.6 μm daytime broadband emissions measured by SABER, the limb scanning infrared radiometer on board the TIMED satellite. Particular attention is given to accounting for the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) nature of the H<sub>2</sub>O 6.6 μm emission in the MLT. The non-LTE H<sub>2</sub>O(&nu;<sub>2</sub>) vibrational level populations responsible for this emission depend on energy exchange processes within the H<sub>2</sub>O vibrational system as well as on interactions with vibrationally excited states of the O<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, and CO<sub>2</sub> molecules. The rate coefficients of these processes are known with large uncertainties that undermines the reliability of the H<sub>2</sub>O retrieval procedure. We developed a methodology of finding the optimal set of rate coefficients using the nearly coincidental solar occultation H<sub>2</sub>O density measurements by the ACE-FTS satellite and relying on the better signal-to-noise ratio of SABER daytime 6.6 μm measurements. From this comparison we derived an update to the rate coefficients of the three most important processes that affect the H<sub>2</sub>O(&nu;<sub>2</sub>) populations in the MLT: a) the vibrational-vibrational (V–V) exchange between the H<sub>2</sub>O and O<sub>2</sub> molecules; b) the vibrational-translational (V–T) process of the O<sub>2</sub>(1) level quenching by collisions with atomic oxygen, and c) the V–T process of the H<sub>2</sub>O(010) level quenching by collisions with N<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>, and O. Using the advantages of the daytime retrievals in the MLT, which are more stable and less susceptible to uncertainties of the radiance coming from below, we demonstrate that applying the updated H<sub>2</sub>O non-LTE model to the SABER daytime radiances makes the retrieved H<sub>2</sub>O vertical profiles in 50–85 km region consistent with climatological data and model predictions. The H<sub>2</sub>O retrieval uncertainties in this approach are about 10% at and below 70 km, 20% at 80 km, and 30% at 85 km altitude.