Do relationships between ambient temperature and serious adverse health outcomes vary among users of different antidiabetes drugs? A retrospective cohort study of US Medicaid beneficiaries with type 2 diabetes

Abstract

Objective Prior studies demonstrate that some untoward clinical outcomes vary by outdoor temperature. This is true of some endpoints common among persons with diabetes, a population vulnerable to climate change-associated health risks. Yet, prior work has been agnostic to the antidiabetes drugs taken by such persons. We examined whether relationships between ambient temperature and adverse health outcomes among persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D) varied by exposure to different antidiabetes drugs.Design Retrospective cohort.Setting Healthcare and meteorological data from five US states, 1999–2010.Participants US Medicaid beneficiaries with T2D categorised by use of antidiabetes drugs.Exposure Maximum daily ambient temperature (t-max).Outcomes Hospital presentation for serious hypoglycaemia, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or sudden cardiac arrest (examined separately).Methods We linked US Medicaid to US Department of Commerce data that permitted us to follow individuals longitudinally and examine health plan enrolment, healthcare claims, and meteorological exposures—all at the person-day level. We mapped daily temperature from weather stations to Zone Improvement Plan (ZIP) codes, then assigned a t-max to each person-day based on the residential ZIP code. Among prespecified subcohorts of users of different pharmacologic classes of antidiabetes drugs, we calculated age and sex-adjusted occurrence rates for each outcome by t-max stratum. We used modified Poisson regression to assess relationships between linear and quadratic t-max terms and each outcome. We examined effect modification between t-max and a covariable for current exposure to a specific antidiabetes drug and assessed significance via Wald tests.Results We identified ∼3 million persons with T2D among whom 713 464 used sulfonylureas (SUs), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4is), meglitinides, or glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1RAs). We identified a positive linear association between t-max and serious hypoglycaemia among non-insulin users of glimepiride and of glyburide but not glipizide (Wald p value for interaction among SUs=0.048). We identified an inverse linear association between t-max and DKA among users of the DPP-4i sitagliptin (p=0.016) but not the GLP1RA exenatide (p=0.080). We did not identify associations between t-max and sudden cardiac arrest among users of SUs, meglitinides, exenatide, or DPP-4is.Conclusions We identified some antidiabetes drug class-specific and agent-specific differences in the relationship between ambient temperature and untoward glycaemic but not arrhythmogenic, safety outcomes.