Effect of Activating Agent on the Properties of TiO₂/Activated Carbon Heterostructures for Solar Photocatalytic Degradation of Acetaminophen

Abstract

Several activated carbons (ACs) were prepared by chemical activation of lignin with different activating agents (FeCl3, ZnCl2, H3PO4 and KOH) and used for synthesizing TiO2/activated carbon heterostructures. These heterostructures were obtained by the combination of the activated carbons with a titania precursor using a solvothermal treatment. The synthesized materials were fully characterized (Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption-desorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-Vis DRS) and further used in the photodegradation of a target pharmaceutical compound (acetaminophen). All heterostructures were composed of anatase phase regardless of the activated carbon used, while the porous texture and surface chemistry depended on the chemical compound used to activate the lignin. Among all heterostructures studied, that obtained by FeCl3-activation yielded complete conversion of acetaminophen after 6 h of reaction under solar-simulated irradiation, also showing high conversion after successive cycles. Although the reaction rate was lower than the observed with bare TiO2, the heterostructure showed higher settling velocity, thus being considerably easier to recover from the reaction medium.

Keywords

• Lignin
• activating agent
• TiO₂/activated carbon
• heterostructures
• solar photocatalysis
• water purification
• acetaminophen