Investigating multi-soliton patterns and dynamical characteristics of the (3+1)-dimensional equation via phase portraits

Abstract

In this study, we investigate the deeper characteristics of the modified Ito equation, which can be applied across various scientific domains to represent systems influenced by noise and randomness. Multi-solitons, including 1-wave, 2-wave, and 3-wave solitons, have been successfully generated using a multiple exponential-function approach. For visual representation, the outcomes are displayed through 3D, 2D, density, and contour plots. The wave transformation is then applied to convert the studied model into an ordinary differential equation. Following this, the dynamic nature of the model is examined from various viewpoints, including bifurcation, chaotic phenomena, multistability, and sensitivity analysis. Bifurcation shows how the solution of a planar system depends on equilibrium points, and when an outward periodic force is implemented to the unperturbed planar system, it reveals chaotic characteristics. These are analyzed using tools such as 3-dimensional and 2-dimensional plots, time scale plots, and Poincaré maps. Additionally, the model’s sensitivity is assessed with varying initial values. The results underscore the effectiveness and relevance of the proposed approaches for examining solitons within a broad spectrum of nonlinear systems.

Keywords

• The (3+1)-dimensional Ito equation
• Multiple exponential-function approach
• Bifurcation analysis
• Chaos theory
• Sensitivity analysis