Pregnant pause: should we screen for sleep disordered breathing in pregnancy?

Abstract

Physiological and hormonal changes in pregnancy can contribute towards sleep disordered breathing in pregnant women (SDBP). When present, SDBP increases the risk of several adverse maternal and fetal outcomes independent of factors such as age, weight and pre-existing maternal comorbidities. SDBP is underdiagnosed and may be hard to recognise because the presentation can be difficult to differentiate from normal pregnancy and the severity may change over the course of gestation. Timely intervention seems likely to help reduce adverse outcomes, but the relative benefits of intervention are still unclear. The definition of what constitutes a sleep-related breathing “disorder” in pregnancy may be different to the general population and so traditional thresholds for intervention may not be relevant in pregnancy. Any modifications to the disease definition in this group, or implementation of more intensive screening, may result in overdiagnosis. Further research is needed to help clinicians evaluate the balance of benefits and harms in this process. Until this is clearer there is a strong imperative for shared decision making in screening and treatment decisions, and screening programmes should be monitored to assess whether improved outcomes can be achieved at the healthcare system level. Key points Untreated sleep disordered breathing in pregnancy poses risks to maternal and fetal wellbeing, but it is underdiagnosed. Careful approaches to screening could improve rates of diagnosis, but thresholds for and benefits of intervention are unclear. Clinical guidelines and screening programmes for sleep disordered breathing in pregnancy need to consider the potential harms of overdiagnosis and should involve shared decision making and careful monitoring of outcomes relevant to the individual. Educational aims Explore current knowledge of the prevalence of sleep disordered breathing in the pregnant population. Explore the relationship between sleep disordered breathing and adverse outcomes. Understand the approaches to diagnosis and management of sleep disordered breathing in pregnancy. Explore issues around screening, underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis in the context of sleep disordered breathing in pregnancy.