Trends, outcomes, and factors associated with in-hospital opioid overdose following major surgery

Abstract

Background: With the growing opioid epidemic across the US, in-hospital utilization of opioids has garnered increasing attention. Using a national cohort, this study sought to characterize trends, outcomes, and factors associated with in-hospital opioid overdose (OD) following major elective operations. Methods: We identified all adult (≥18 years) hospitalizations entailing select elective procedures in the 2016–2020 National Inpatient Sample. Patients who experienced in-hospital opioid overdose were characterized as OD (others: Non-OD). The primary outcome of interest was in-hospital OD. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were developed to evaluate the association between in-hospital OD and mortality, length of stay (LOS), hospitalization costs, and non-home discharge. Results: Of an estimated 11,096,064 hospitalizations meeting study criteria, 5375 (0.05 %) experienced a perioperative OD. Compared to others, OD were older (66 [57–73] vs 64 [54–72] years, p < 0.001), more commonly female (66.3 vs 56.7 %, p < 0.001), and in the lowest income quartile (26.4 vs 23.2 %, p < 0.001). After adjustment, female sex (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 1.68, 95 % Confidence Interval [CI] 1.47–1.91, p < 0.001), White race (AOR 1.19, CI 1.01–1.42, p = 0.04), and history of substance use disorder (AOR 2.51, CI 1.87–3.37, p < 0.001) were associated with greater likelihood of OD. Finally, OD was associated with increased LOS (β +1.91 days, CI [1.60–2.21], p < 0.001), hospitalization costs (β +$7500, CI [5900–9100], p < 0.001), and greater odds of non-home discharge (AOR 2.00, CI 1.61–2.48, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Perioperative OD remains a rare but costly complication after elective surgery. While pain control remains a priority postoperatively, protocols and recovery pathways must be re-examined to ensure patient safety.

Keywords

• Opioid overdose
• Trends
• National Inpatient Sample