Dynamics of matter-wave quantum emitters in a structured vacuum

Abstract

The characteristics of spontaneous emission can be strongly modified by the mode structure of the vacuum. In waveguide quantum-electrodynamics based on photonic crystals, this modification is exploited to engineer atom-photon interactions near a band edge, but the physics of coupling to an entire band has not yet been explored in experiments. Using ultracold atoms in an optical lattice, we study the decay dynamics of matter-wave quantum emitters coupled to a single band of an effective photonic crystal waveguide structure with tunable characteristics. Depending on the ratio between vacuum coupling and bandwidth, we observe a transition from irreversible decay to fully oscillatory dynamics linked to the interplay of matter-wave bound states near the band edges, whose spatial structure we characterize. Our results shed light on the emergence of coherence in an open quantum system in a controllable environment and are of relevance for the understanding of vacuum-induced decay phenomena in photonic systems.