برنامه ریزی فضایی (Dec 2022)
Causes and Consequences of Reverse Migration to the Rural Areas of Buin and Miandasht County
Abstract
AbstractMigration is a phenomenon common to all countries and reverse migration is reflective of migration from urban to rural areas. It is a phenomenon that gradually increases and could have consequences in the society. The purpose of this study is to investigate environmental, physical, economic, and social causes and consequences of reverse migration to rural areas of Buin and Miandasht. This research is descriptive-analytical in which the data were collected using the library-field method. From the 5 rural districts of this county, 5 villages that had the most reverse migrant households were selected. Then, a sample of 290 reverse migrants was determined and questioned using the Cochran method. According to descriptive data, environmental-physical aspects with a mean of 40.14 have been the most important factors of migration. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis and the path coefficient of the main causes show a 40% influence of social causes, 41.7% of economic causes, and 48.2% of physical-environmental causes on reverse migration. The results of the independent t-test for all variables (i.e. positive and negative consequences of reverse migration) also showed that the average negative effects are physical (29.86%), economic (14.09%), and social (20.90%). The average positive effects are physical (14.38%), economic (24.68%), and social (30.13%). In examining the results, the change in natural landscapes with an average of 3.96 had the greatest environmental-physical impact. The improvement of educational indicators with an average of 3.44 had the greatest social impact and increasing land and housing price with an average of 3.45 had the greatest economic impact.Keywords: migration, Reverse Migration, Migration Causes and Consequences, Rural Areas, Buin and Miandasht. Introduction Migration and population movements show the subtleties of human life. Migration is a common phenomenon in all countries and reverse migration represents migration from city to village. In fact, today, two-way migration is usually more evident; albeit at a slower step, movement from villages to cities and migration from cities to villages still exists. In fact, the sharing of migrants to the villages has taken on a reverse trend in some regions and the villages are moving towards ‘accepting migrants’ and especially the migration of city dwellers to the villages or "reverse migration". Therefore, this study investigates the causes and consequences of this type of migration in rural areas of Buin and Miandasht County and also analyzes the probable differences between different villages. Materials and MethodsThe present study is survey in nature using the descriptive-analytical method. The library and field methods are used to collect the data. The statistical population includes reverse and return migrants to the rural areas of Bouin and Miandasht. According to the topic, firstly, 5 villages named Qara Boltaq, Qaim Abad, Boltaq, Betlijeh, and Dashkasan were selected among five rural districts by the cluster sampling method. Then, 290 people from migrant households were selected based on Cochran's formula by simple random sampling, and a questionnaire was completed by the participants. The normality of the data was confirmed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Factor analysis, t-test, Friedman, and analysis of variance tests have also been used to check the indicators. Research FindingsThe obtained results showed that environmental-physical factors are the most important causes of migration. In this context, the highest mean of environmental-physical aspects belongs to the components of pollution in the urban environment (lack of healthy weather and natural landscapes and the absence of pollution in the village). The highest mean of the economic dimension belongs to the appropriate price of land and housing and the low cost of living in the village. In the social dimension, the components of kinship relations, sense of place belonging, social security, and retirement have had the highest mean. The results of the structural equations model of factor analysis showed that 40% of social causes, 41.7% of economic causes, and 48.2% of physical-environmental causes are the main causes of reverse migration. Descriptive findings also confirm physical-environmental causes with an average of 40.14 as the most important factor. Examining the mean of positive and negative consequences also shows that the averages of negative physical, economic, and social effects are 29.86, 14.09, and 20.90, respectively. The average positive effects of physical, economic, and social factors are 14.38, 24.68, and 13.30, respectively. Therefore, the highest averages are linked to negative physical and positive social effects, respectively. The results of variance analysis to compare different factors affecting reverse migration showed that there is a significant difference between the villages of Qara Botlaq and Qaim Abad in terms of physical factors, and there is no difference between different villages and also between different factors. There is no significant difference in positive environmental-physical and economic effects among villages, but there is a difference in social effects among villages. There is a significant difference between the negative physical-environmental effects in the villages of Qara Boltaq and Dashkasan. There is a significant difference between the social effects of the two villages of Boltaq and Dashksan, Boltaq and Qaimabad, but the negative economic effects do not have a significant difference. Discussion of Results and ConclusionsRegarding the age group (both young and old), the results clearly show the need for providing jobs and housing, on the one hand, and special services on the other hand. Regarding the activity status, since the highest percentage is assigned to retired people, it shows the effect of the age of the population in the region in the future. The return time of more than 66% of people has been in the last 5 years and shows an increasing trend in the coming years. The satisfaction of about 80% of people on the average level of moving to the village can be seen from the numbers. Generally, suitable planning and considering the new conditions are necessary for the villages. Based on the descriptive findings, the government's support has the lowest average for the rural economy, and local management needs more attention to this issue. According to the path coefficient results, the main causes of reverse migration are physical-environmental causes. Due to regional differences and natural characteristics, and the problems of cities and metropolises that are the origin of reverse migration, this result has been different from other studies. Regarding the positive and negative consequences, the highest averages are related to negative physical and positive social effects, respectively, and these results are consistent with other studies. Another important point is that the causes of migration are almost the same at the city level and there is no noticeable difference in location. Also, there is no significant difference in positive environmental and economic effects among villages, but there are differences in social effects between villages. In other words, the social differences are more visible resulting from the arrival of immigrants in the mentioned rural areas. ReferencesPersian References- Afarakhteh, H., Manafi Azar, R., & Valaei, M. (2016). Spatial effects of return migration in Miandoab County. Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 5(1), 83-98.- Alibabaiee, M., & Jom’epour, M. (2017). The process and pattern of return migration and factors affecting it (Case study: Hajilou Dehestan- Kabodarahang County). Journal of Research & Rural Planning, 5(4), 91-105.- Amanpour, S. (2018). Identifying and prioritizing the factors affecting the formation of rural recursive migration (case study: central section of Dezful County). Journal of Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement, 8(29), 37-60.- Amanpour, S., Sani, A. A., & Hosseini, N. (2021). Measuring the variables influencing the formation of reverse migration in rural areas (case study: central part of Dezful city). Journal of Human Geography, 13(4), 223-245.- Amid, H. (1984). Farhang Amid. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publishing House.- Azar, A., Mahboubi, Gh., & Salahi Ranjbari, M. (2021). Investigating the factors influencing the reverse migration from the Tabriz metropolis to the suburbs and adjoining villages. Journal of Geography and Planning, 24(74), 29-41.- Ebrahimi, E. (2016). Explaining the position of reverse migration in the reconstruction of the villages in the north of Ardabil province. Journal of Human Geography, 7(4), 172-192.- Ebrahimzadeh Asmin, H., Ashtardi Mehrjardi, A., & Eslami, I. (2020). Rural reverse migration with change in urban lifestyle. Journal of Human Geography, 12(1), 169-186.- Fayyaz, Z. S., Shahivandi, A., & Shafiee, Z. (2020). The analysis of the ecosystem capacity of Semirom County in the direction of return migration planning. Journal of Research & Rural Planning, 9(1), 91-112.- Ghasemi, A., & Savabi, H. (2019). Motivations and effects of return migration in the socio-economic development of rurals: A case study in Ahar Township. Journal of Geographic Space, 19(67), 199-225.- Iran Statistics Center (2016). General population and housing census. (n.p).- Izadi, A., Asghari, S., & Fazel Nia, Gh. (2021). Investigation of the consequences of saffron cultivation in a reverse migration of villagers (Case study: Villages of Rashtkhar rural district). Journal of Community Development (Rural and Urban), 13(1), 253-283.- Maleki, Z., Qureshi, M., & Moulai Hashjin, N. (2019). The effects and consequences of reverse migration in the environmental-ecological and physical changes of the coastal villages of Rasht city. Journal of Human Geography, 12(1), 635-656.- Mirfalah Nasiri, N., Del Azimi, F., & Sabbaghi, Sh. (2015). Is reverse migration happening in the country?. Bimonthly Analytical Research Journal of Statistics, 4, 14-20.- Mohajerani, A. A., & Rusta, Z. (2014). An evaluation of the economic, social, cultural, and political impact of reverse migration on villages of Tonekabon and Ramsar in Mazandaran Province (2015-2016). Journal of Urban Sociological Studies, 13(5), 167-194.- Mohammadi, A., & Jafari, M. (2019). Investigating the impact of international migration, migration acceptability and human development index on economic growth (case study: Afghanistan). Katab Quarterly, 13(6), 103-122.- Momeni, A., Jahanshiri, M., & Turkashund, Z. (2021). Analysis of effective factors in the growth of reverse migration to suburban settlements of Najafabad. Journal of Urban Peripheral Development, 3(1), 183-198.- Nobakht, R., Ghasemi Ardahai, A., & Rostam Alizadeh, V. (2017). Determinants of return migration in Iran during the period 2015-2016. Journal of Demographic Studies, 3(1), 209-183.- Rabbani, R., Taheri, Z., & Rusta, Z. (2011). Investigating the causes of reverse migration motivations and its impact on social and economic development, a case study: Rural immigrants in Tankabon and Ramsar cities. Journal of Research and Urban Planning, 2(5), 83-108.- Shayan, H., Erfani, Z., & Sojasi Ghidari, H. (2021). Comparative analysis of reverse migration (urban-rural)Iran on a provincial scale. Quarterly Journal of Village and Space Sustainable Development, 2(3), 1-18.- Taheri, M., Armaghan, S., & Vali Shariat Panahi, M. (2021). Explaining the role of reverse migrations in the economic-social development of rural settlements (case study: villages in Region 19). Journal of Human Geography, 12(4), 75-92.- Taghavi, F., Moulai Hashjin, N., & Qureishi, M. B. (2017). A comparative study of physical-spatial approach and related policies in rural development planning during two recent decades (case study: Ghaemshahr, Mazandaran). Journal of Geography and Development, 15(47), 213-230.- Yaqoubi, J., & Zabidi, T. (2018). Assessing reverse migration's motivations and consequences in Ijroud County, Zanjan Province. Journal of Rural Research, 9(2), 196-209. English References- Babi, M., Guogping, X., & Ladu, J. (2017). Causes and consequences of rural-urban migration: The case of Juba Metropolitan, Republic of South Sudan. Journal of Earth and Environmental Science, 81(1), 1-8.- Behera, M., Mishra, S., & Behera, A. R. (2021). The COVID-19 led reverse migration on labour supply in rural economy: challenges, opportunities and road ahead in Odisha. The Indian Economic Journal, 69(3), 392-409.- Delango, M. W. (2019). The causes and consequences of rural-urban migration: the case of Wolaita Sodo Town Merhal Sub-City. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 2(4), 99-114.- Gnana, S. R. (2022). Why should people leave their villages and migrate to cities? Research Gate, 1-14.- Kahsai, M., & Schaeffer, P. (2009). Deconcentration, counter-urbanization or trend reversal?. Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University.- Khan, A., & Arokkiaraj, H. (2021). Challenges of reverse migration in India: a comparative study of internal and international migrant workers in the post-COVID economy. Journal of Comparative Migration Studies, 9, 1-19.- Liu, J. (2022). Childhood and rural to urban migration in China: A tale of three villages. Journal of Children & Society, 1-16.- Martin, R., & Radu, D. (2012). Return migration: The experience of Eastern Europe. International Journal of Migration, 50(6), 109-128.- Mlambo, V. (2018). An overview of rural-urban migration in South Africa: its causes and implications. Archives of Business Research, 6(4), 63-70.- Stockdale, A., & Catney, G. (2014). A life course perspective on urban-rural migration: the importance of the local context. Journal of Population, Space and Place, 20(1), 83-98.- Tong, W., & Lo, K. (2021). Back to the countryside: rural development and the spatial patterns of population migration in Zhejiang, China. Agriculture, 11, 788.- Trask, B. S. (2022). Migration, urbanization, and the family dimension. United Nations Department of Economic and Social.- Wang, H. (2013). China’s return migration and its impact on home development. UN Chronicle, 50(3), 34-36.- Wang, W. W., & Fan, C. C. (2006). Success or failure: selectivity and reasons of return migration in Sichuan and Anhui, China. Journal of Environment and Planning, 38(5), 939-958.- World Economic Forum (2017). Migration and its impact on cities, report. Switzerland, 1-172.
Keywords
