Vitamin-D Deficiency among Non-Diabetic and Type-2 Diabetic Individuals: A Comparative Study

Abstract

Introduction: Vitamin-D Deficiency (VDD) is widespread across the globe irrespective of age, gender, race, location or disease profile. Even in a sun drenched country like India it is highly prevalent and now recognised as a public health problem. Aim: To map the prevalence of VDD among non-diabetic and Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) adults residing in a city of western India, and to examine the risk factors associated with it. Materials and Methods: Type-2 diabetic (n=114) and nondiabetic (n=129) adults of age 30-65 years were enrolled for this exploratory study from a diabetic clinic and from different localities of the city respectively. Anthropometric measurements like height, weight, Waist-Circumference (WC) and Waist-Stature Ratio (WSR) were recorded using standard methods. Fasting blood sample was drawn to estimate biochemical parameters in a certified laboratory. Serum 25(OH)D was estimated by Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA) technique. Lipid profile {Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TAG), LowDensity Lipoprotein (LDL) and High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)} was estimated using enzymatic kits by Photometry. The high sensitivity assay of serum C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) was done using nephelometry. T-test, chi-square, Pearson ‘r’ value and linear regression was computed using SPSS version-20 for statistical analysis. Results: The mean serum 25(OH)D level among non-diabetic and T2DM participants (13.7±7.2 and 14.2±8.8 ng/mL, respectively) was much lower to the recommended level of 30 ng/mL. In both the populations about 88% of the participants were found to be VDD with serum 25(OH)D levels <20 ng/mL. WC, WSR, BMI, percent body fat and lipid parameters- TC and LDL-cholesterol showed a negative significant correlation with the vitamin-D levels among the diabetic patients. While among the non-diabetics only percent body fat and LDL-cholesterol correlated significantly. Indices of central obesity and LDLcholesterol emerged as common and significant suppressors of optimum vitamin-D status among both the groups. Conclusion: A high prevalence of VDD was observed among the participants. Hence vitamin-D screening should be done in routine medical check-ups, supplementations, and vitamin D-fortified foods should be encouraged for these groups. Healthy lifestyle changes should be propagated and adopted to prevent as well as manage the metabolic alterations among the population due to VDD.

Keywords

• apparently healthy
• diabetes mellitus
• prevalence
• risk factors
• vitamin-d status
• young-middle age adults