Pathophysiology, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Modalities Associated with Skeletal Muscle Loss Following Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract

A spinal cord injury (SCI) may lead to loss of strength, sensation, locomotion and other body functions distal to the lesion site. Individuals with SCI also develop secondary conditions due to the lack of skeletal muscle activity. As SCI case numbers increase, recent studies have attempted to determine the best options to salvage affected musculature before it is lost. These approaches include pharmacotherapeutic options, immunosuppressants, physical activity or a combination thereof. Associated biomarkers are increasingly used to determine if these treatments aid in the protection and reconstruction of affected musculature.

Keywords

• muscle atrophy
• calpain
• inflammation
• estrogen
• biomarkers
• neuroprotection