Markers of lithogenic activity in kidney stone disease

Abstract

Kidney stones develop silently. Several markers revealing the activation of lithogenic process were proposed. Here we review the technologies behind these diagnostic tests and describe six groups of lithogenic activity markers: 1) indices and calculated supersaturations, based on concentration of stone forming and inhibiting ions in 24h-urine; 2) macromolecules or specific molecules in urine; 3) urine physical properties, 4) blood markers; 5) instrumental methods; 6) induced urinary crystal formation tests. The induced urinary crystal formation group is the most promising and successful. These tests can be used for revealing the periods of high lithogenic activity and guiding prompt treatment intensification. Convenient and affordable markers of lithogenic activity, applied regularly and remotely, make effective personalized recurrence prevention programs feasible.

Keywords

• kidney stones
• idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis
• metaphylaxis
• activity of lithogenic process
• marker of lithogenic activity