Agronomy (Jun 2022)
The Impact of Sowing Date on Soil Mineral Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency and Fertilizer N Uptake Efficiency for Winter Oilseed Rape (<i>Brassica napus</i> L.) in Ireland
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) application on winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.; WOSR) in the mild Atlantic climate of Ireland is based on a soil N Index system, which does not take into account any variations in crop N demand prior to the main spring dressing of N fertilizer. This study tests whether UK- canopy management (CM) principles for oilseed rape N fertilization are applicable for oilseed rape grown in Ireland. The tested principles included (i) final N uptake of unfertilized crops will be equivalent to the soil mineral N (SMN) and N in the crop measured at the end of winter, i.e., soil N uptake efficiency (SNUpE) = 1; and (ii) the (apparent) N fertilizer N uptake efficiency, (FNUpE) is 0.6 (60%). Three years of field trials were carried out from 2017/18 to 2019/20 on different sites based on a split-plot design. Three sowing dates (SD): mid-August (SD1), End-August (SD2) and mid-September (SD3) were set as main plots and five N application strategies namely, CM standard, CM higher yield, CM low N rate, Fix225 and zero-N were set at subplot level. Results from unfertilized plots demonstrated that the ratio of final crop N uptake at harvest to the combined post-winter SMN + crop N was 1.13 and 1.14 on the two early sowing dates but 1.68 for the latest sowing. Additionally, SMN was not systematically impacted by SD, except in site-year-2. Instead, crop N content in spring had the biggest influence when calculating soil N supply for the season. More mineralization occurred through the growing season resulting in SNUpE of above 100% on all SDs. This additional available N (AAN) was quantified as 11 kgN·ha−1 on average for SD1 and SD2 and 38.6 kgN·ha−1 for SD3. FNUpE values were calculated closest to the economical optimum N rate (Nopt) and were 0.534, 0.574 and 0.486, respectively for SD1, SD2 and SD3. The Nopts at each SD were 157 kgN·ha−1 (SD1), 148 kgN·ha−1 (SD2) and 175 kgN·ha−1 (SD3) and the respective yields at each Nopt were 4.93 t ha−1, 4.90 t·ha−1 and 4.34 t·ha−1. This study shows the UK–CM principles were applicable in the mild Irish climate; however, values of SNUpE and FNUpE differ from one site-year-SD to another. Mid-August to early September sowing dates produced higher post-winter crop N content due to SMN uptake, and this results in a lower Nopt than the later SD. Sowing later led to a higher Nopt due to a combination of lower post-winter N uptake and lower FNUpE, although the effect of these factors was partially offset by a greater AAN. Measurements of SNS post-winter, an estimate of N mineralization during the growing season, together with a consideration of the sowing date helped determine the scope for reduction in fertilizer while achieving high yield and high FNUpE. Among different N rate strategies, CM standard and CM high yield were closest to the Nopt for having lower N rates at the maximum economical yield point.
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