Ophthalmic presentations and long-term outcomes of subconjunctival and atypical orbital myocysticercosis

Abstract

Purpose: To study the clinical presentation, radiological features, diagnosis, and treatment response in subconjunctival and atypical orbital myocysticercosis. Methods: Retrospective analysis of diagnosed subconjunctival and atypical (strabismus, diplopia, and blepharoptosis) orbital myocysticercosis was performed. A diagnostic criterion (2 of the 3) among clinical features, radiological findings, and treatment response was used in our study. A minimum of “post-treatment” follow-up of 12 months was observed. Results: Thirty-five patients were included with a mean age of 16 years having male predominance (n = 22, 62.8%). All had a unilateral presentation, with 24 (68.6%) patients having subconjunctival cysticercosis, of which 22 were located in close proximity of the rectus muscle insertion. At presentation, 10 patients had diplopia, 7 had strabismus, and 6 had face turn. Pseudo Duane's and pseudo-Brown's syndrome were noted in 5 and 4 patients, respectively. Radiologically, single muscle myositis without scolex was seen in 12 (34.3%) cases. All patients first received medical treatment, and surgical intervention (cyst removal) was attempted after treatment failure. Complete resolution of symptoms was noted in 22 (after medical treatment only) and in 8 (after surgery). Conclusion: In the majority, the subconjunctival cysticercosis is found in proximity to the rectus muscle insertion, as a part of orbital myocysticercosis. In atypical scenarios, a satisfactory response to medical treatment can be considered as diagnostic of cysticercosis.

Keywords

• atypical ophthalmic cysticercosis
• atypical orbital myocysticercosis
• orbital myocysticercosis
• subconjunctival cysticercosis