Frontiers in Neuroscience (Feb 2024)
Olfactory deficit: a potential functional marker across the Alzheimer’s disease continuum
- Dongming Liu,
- Dongming Liu,
- Dongming Liu,
- Jiaming Lu,
- Jiaming Lu,
- Jiaming Lu,
- Liangpeng Wei,
- Liangpeng Wei,
- Liangpeng Wei,
- Mei Yao,
- Mei Yao,
- Mei Yao,
- Huiquan Yang,
- Huiquan Yang,
- Huiquan Yang,
- Pin Lv,
- Pin Lv,
- Pin Lv,
- Haoyao Wang,
- Haoyao Wang,
- Haoyao Wang,
- Yajing Zhu,
- Zhengyang Zhu,
- Xin Zhang,
- Xin Zhang,
- Xin Zhang,
- Jiu Chen,
- Jiu Chen,
- Jiu Chen,
- Qing X. Yang,
- Bing Zhang,
- Bing Zhang,
- Bing Zhang,
- Bing Zhang,
- Bing Zhang,
- Bing Zhang,
- Bing Zhang
Affiliations
- Dongming Liu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Dongming Liu
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Dongming Liu
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiaming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiaming Lu
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiaming Lu
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Liangpeng Wei
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Liangpeng Wei
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Liangpeng Wei
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Mei Yao
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Mei Yao
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Mei Yao
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Huiquan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Huiquan Yang
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Huiquan Yang
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Pin Lv
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Pin Lv
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Pin Lv
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Haoyao Wang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Haoyao Wang
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Haoyao Wang
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Yajing Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Zhengyang Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Xin Zhang
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Xin Zhang
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiu Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiu Chen
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiu Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Qing X. Yang
- Department of Radiology, Center for NMR Research, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Bing Zhang
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Bing Zhang
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Bing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Bing Zhang
- Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Bing Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1309482
- Journal volume & issue
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Vol. 18
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prevalent form of dementia that affects an estimated 32 million individuals globally. Identifying early indicators is vital for screening at-risk populations and implementing timely interventions. At present, there is an urgent need for early and sensitive biomarkers to screen individuals at risk of AD. Among all sensory biomarkers, olfaction is currently one of the most promising indicators for AD. Olfactory dysfunction signifies a decline in the ability to detect, identify, or remember odors. Within the spectrum of AD, impairment in olfactory identification precedes detectable cognitive impairments, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and even the stage of subjective cognitive decline (SCD), by several years. Olfactory impairment is closely linked to the clinical symptoms and neuropathological biomarkers of AD, accompanied by significant structural and functional abnormalities in the brain. Olfactory behavior examination can subjectively evaluate the abilities of olfactory identification, threshold, and discrimination. Olfactory functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can provide a relatively objective assessment of olfactory capabilities, with the potential to become a promising tool for exploring the neural mechanisms of olfactory damage in AD. Here, we provide a timely review of recent literature on the characteristics, neuropathology, and examination of olfactory dysfunction in the AD continuum. We focus on the early changes in olfactory indicators detected by behavioral and fMRI assessments and discuss the potential of these techniques in MCI and preclinical AD. Despite the challenges and limitations of existing research, olfactory dysfunction has demonstrated its value in assessing neurodegenerative diseases and may serve as an early indicator of AD in the future.
Keywords
