Super‐Enhancer–Driven Syndecan‐4 Regulates Intercellular Communication in Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension

Abstract

Background Unveiling pro‐proliferation genes involved in crosstalk between pulmonary artery endothelial cells and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) are important to improving the therapeutic outcome of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Although growing studies have shown that super‐enhancers (SEs) play a pivotal role in pathological and physiological processes, the SE‐associated genes in PH and their impact on PASMC proliferation remain largely unexplored. Methods and Results We used serotype 5 adenovirus‐associated virus to interfere with syndecan‐4 and constructed an SU5416 combined with hypoxia–PH model. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and bioinformatics were used to confirm early growth response 1 was involved in regulating syndecan‐4‐associated SE in PASMCs. The effects of syndecan‐4 and its underlying mechanisms were subsequently elucidated using Western blot, coimmunoprecipitation, and cell coculture assays. Herein, we identified a novel SE‐associated gene, syndecan‐4, in hypoxia‐exposed PASMCs. Syndecan‐4 was transcriptionally driven by early growth response 1 via an SE and was significantly overexpressed in hypoxic PASMCs and plasma from patients with PH. Mechanism studies revealed that syndecan‐4 induces PASMC proliferation by interacting and regulating protein kinase C α ubiquitination. In addition, syndecan‐4 was enriched in exosomes secreted from hypoxic PASMCs, which subsequently transported and led to pulmonary artery endothelial cell dysfunction. Syndecan‐4 inhibition in hypoxia by serotype 5 adenovirus‐associated virus treatment attenuated the pulmonary artery remodeling and development of PH in vivo. Conclusions Taken together, our results demonstrate that an SE‐driven syndecan‐4 modulates crosstalk of PASMCs and pulmonary artery endothelial cells and promotes vascular remodeling via the protein kinase C α and exosome pathway, thus providing potential targets for the early diagnosis and treatment of hypoxic PH.

Keywords

• exosome
• proliferation
• pulmonary hypertension
• syndecan‐4
• super‐enhancer