Prognosis evaluation of chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy with ring‐like late gadolinium enhancement

Abstract

Abstract Aims Ring‐like late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is a special LGE pattern in patients with chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy (infl‐CMP), which is associated with cardiac dysfunction and ventricular remodelling and attributed to viral infection followed by bacterial and parasitic infections. Data on the combination of CMR imaging and clinical parameters that can add long‐term prognostic value in patients with infl‐CMP are still rare. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of CMR in risk stratification in this kind of patients. Methods and results A total of 319 consecutive patients with clinically suspected myocarditis were retrospectively identified. Forty‐seven patients with ring‐like LGE on CMR who diagnosed as infl‐CMP, and 72 patients with other LGE pattern were eligible for standardized follow‐up. The left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle function and mass were analyses by CMR. Myocardial strain of the ventricles was evaluated by feature tracking. Major (cardiac death, resuscitated cardiac arrest, ventricular assist device, transplantation, and appropriate implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator shock) and minor (rehospitalization due to heart failure and sustained atrial fibrillation) adverse cardiovascular events were assessed during follow‐up since the date of nCMR examination. Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate which of the prognostic factors identified by univariable analysis were significantly associated with cardiac events. In the ring‐like LGE group, adverse cardiac events occurred in 14 (31.11%) patients, including 7 deaths (15.56%), 6 (13.33%) heart‐failure hospitalizations, and 1 (2.22%) case of sustained atrial fibrillation during the mean follow‐up period of 70.15 ± 45.68 months (interquartile range: 32.83–103.71 months). No major or minor adverse cardiac event occurred in the other LGE pattern group, except rehospitalization in one patient due to arrhythmia. Further analyses of ring‐like LGE group by univariable and Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed that body mass index (BMI) (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.40–0.73, P = 0.000), right ventricle cardiac index (RVCI) (HR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.14–0.71, P = 0.002), LV basal peak circumferential strain (LV‐PCSbasal) (HR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.11–1.43, P = 0.000) were independently associated with the long‐term outcome. Receiver operator characteristic curve indicated that the cut‐off of LV‐PCSBasal was −7.95%, and it has added prognostic value to BMI and RVCI. Conclusions For infl‐CMP patients with ring‐like LGE on CMR, low BMI and RVCI were associated with a poor prognosis. LV‐PCSBasal with a cut‐off of −7.95% can add prognostic value for patients with infl‐CMP who have ring‐like LGE.

Keywords

• Ring‐like late gadolinium enhancement
• Chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy, myocarditis
• Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, prognosis