Current progress of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.: A review of its biogeography, PAO-ZHI processing, biological activities, biosynthesis pathways, and technology applications

Abstract

The Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. is a traditional Chinese rhizome herb, consumed for its well-known medicinal value. This review summarizes the recent research findings on biological activities, main biosynthesis pathways, PAO-ZHI processing, and technology application. The impact of biogeography led to significant differences in phenotypes and chemotypes. The PAO-ZHI processing also significantly affected A. macrocephala rhizome (AMR) bioactivity. A further systemic mechanistic investigation is required. Besides, new AMR polysaccharides with immunomodulatory effects, improving gastrointestinal function, and antitumor activity are constantly being isolated and characterized. Also, the discovery of novel families of compounds, such as the atractylenolides possessing antitumor, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities, is still ongoing work. Advanced genetics tools, such as in-depth transcriptomics, provide the basis for exploring A. macrocephala resources' functional genetic and molecular regulatory mechanisms. Still, some pathways are more elusive than others, and the biosynthetic pathways of sesquiterpenes, one of the prominent active families, still present a challenge in AMR and other plants. We propose here new directions and opportunities to advance current research in AMR. This review lays the theoretical foundation for fully developing and utilizing A. macrocephala resources.

Keywords

• atractylodes macrocephala koidz.
• origin distribution
• biological activities
• biosynthetic pathways
• transcriptome sequencing