Removal of atrazine in catalytic degradation solutions by microalgae Chlorella sp. and evaluation of toxicity of degradation products via algal growth and photosynthetic activity

Abstract

Degradation solutions containing atrazine need to be further purified before they are discharged into the aquatic environment. With the objectives of evaluating removal capacity of the microalga Chlorella sp. toward atrazine in degradation solutions and toxicity of the degradation products, we investigated the removal efficiency (RE) and bioaccumulation of atrazine in the microalgae after an 8 d exposure to diluted degraded solutions containing 40 μg/L and 80 μg/L of atrazine as well as degradation products in the present study. Moreover, pure atrazine solutions with similar concentrations were simultaneously inoculated with the microalgae in order to distinguish the influence of the products. The photocatalytic degradation results showed that 31.4% of atrazine was degraded after 60 min, and three degradation products, desisopropyl-atrazine (DIA), desethyl-atrazine (DEA), and desethyl-desisopropyl-atrazine (DEIA) were detected. After an 8-d exposure, 83.0% and 64.3% of atrazine were removed from the degraded solutions containing 40 μg/L and 80 μg/L of atrazine, respectively. In comparison with the control, i.e., pure atrazine solution with equal concentration, Chlorella sp. in the degraded atrazine solution showed lower RE and growth rate. The photosynthetic parameters, especially performance index (PIABS), clearly displayed the differences between treatments. The values of PIABS of Chlorella sp. cultured in degradation atrazine for 8 days were significantly lower (P < 0.01) than that in the corresponding pure atrazine, suggesting potential inhibitory effect of degradation products on the microalgae. Atrazine and the degradation products inhibited algal photosynthesis via depressed light absorption and electron transport, and reduced utilization of light energy via energy dissipation. Our results demonstrated that microalgae Chlorella sp. had an encouraging atrazine removal potential and the degradation products of atrazine may inhibit algal growth and removal capability. This study may be useful for the application of microalgae in herbicide wastewater treatment and understanding algal removal of atrazine in natural aquatic environment.

Keywords

• Atrazine
• Degradation products
• Microalgae
• Removal
• Photosynthetic activity