Examining trends in health care access measures among low-income adult smokers in Ohio: 2012–2019

Abstract

Smokers are more likely to be low-income with limited access to health services. Although Medicaid expansion under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act improved access to care for low-income adults, long-term trends in health care access among low-income smokers remain uncharacterized. The study evaluated changes in five access measures among low-income nonelderly (19–64) adults (N = 28976) across smoking status using pooled data from a statewide survey in Ohio covering pre- (i.e., 2012) and post-Medicaid expansion periods (2015, 2017, and 2019) guided by a comprehensive framework of health care access. We found improvements in some, but not all, health care access measures among low-income smokers in the post-Medicaid-expansion period compared to the pre-expansion period. Compared to 2012, the odds for unmet dental care needs declined in 2015 (aOR = 0.67, 95 % CI = 0.45–1.01), 2017 (aOR = 0.53, 95 % CI = 0.35–0.81), and 2019 (aOR = 0.65, 95 % CI = 0.40–1.05) (p trend < 0.001). Similarly, the odds for unmet other health care needs (i.e., medical exams and supplies) were lower in 2015 (aOR = 0.64, 95 % CI = 0.39–1.06), 2017 (aOR = 0.56, 95 % CI = 0.34–0.93), and 2019 (aOR = 0.47, 95 % CI = 0.27–0.83) (p trend < 0.001). Difficulty paying medical bills was also significantly lower in 2015 (aOR = 0.62, 95 % CI = 0.43–0.89), 2017 (aOR = 0.57, 95 % CI = 0.39–0.83) and 2019 (aOR = 0.57, 95 % CI = 0.37–0.87) (p trend < 0.001). While there was notable progress in measures of affordability (i.e., paying medical bills) as well as care availability and accommodation (i.e., unmet needs), there were no meaningful changes in the approachability of care (i.e., having a usual source of care).

Keywords

• Smokers
• Health care access
• Medicaid
• Preventive care
• Low-income