The Role of Natural Low Molecular Weight Dicarbonyls in Atherogenesis and Diabetogenesis

Abstract

This review summarises the data from long-term experimental studies and literature data on the role of oxidatively modified low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in atherogenesis and diabetogenesis. It was shown that not “oxidized” (lipoperoxide-containing) LDL, but dicarbonyl-modified LDL are atherogenic (actively captured by cultured macrophages with the help of scavenger receptors), and also cause expression of lectin like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 1 (NOX-1) genes in endotheliocytes, which stimulate apoptosis and endothelial dysfunction. The obtained data allowed us to justify new approaches to pharmacotherapy of atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus.

Keywords

• reactive oxygen species (ros)
• free radical oxidation (fro)
• superoxide anion radical (o2•-)
• lipoperoxides (looh)
• oxidative stress
• low molecular weight dicarbonyls
• malondialdehyde (mda)
• glyoxal
• methylglyoxal
• reactive carbonyl species (rcs)
• carbonyl stress
• low density lipoproteins (ldl)
• oxidized (looh contained) ldl (looh-ldl)
• mda-modified ldl (mda-ldl)
• lectin like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 (lox-1)
• nadph oxidase 1 (nox-1)
• antioxidant enzymes
• superoxide dismutase (sod)
• glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px)
• peroxiredoxines
• endotheliocites
• apoptosis
• atherosclerosis
• diabetes