Immunomodulation and Protective Effects of <i>Cordyceps militaris</i> Extract Against <i>Candida albicans</i> Infection in <i>Galleria mellonella</i> Larvae

Abstract

Cordyceps militaris-derived formulations are currently used for multiple purposes because of their medical properties, especially immune system modulation. This study analyzes the inhibitory effects of C. militaris aqueous extract on Candida albicans infections and the immune response in larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Larvae exhibited melanization within 1 h of being infected with C. albicans inoculum at a concentration of 106 cells/larvae, and died within 24 h from a lethal dose. Aqueous extract of C. militaris proved to be nontoxic at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.125 mg/larvae, and had the greatest ability to prolong the survival of larvae infected with a sublethal dose of C. albicans at a concentration of 105 cells/larvae. Moreover, the number of hemocytes in the hemolymph of G. mellonella increased after infection with C. albicans and treatment with the aqueous extract of C. militaris at 1, 24, and 48 h by 1.21 × 107, 1.23 × 107, and 1.4 × 107 cells/100 µL, respectively. The highest number of hemocytes was recorded after treatment of infected G. mellonella with the extract for 48 h. Transcriptional upregulation of the immune system was observed in certain antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), showing that the relative expression of galiomicin, gallerimycin, and lysozyme genes were upregulated as early as 1 h after infection. Therefore, we conclude that C. militaris aqueous extract can modulate the immune system of G. mellonella and protect against infection from C. albicans.

Keywords

• <i>Candida albicans</i>
• <i>Cordyceps militaris</i> extract
• <i>Galleria mellonella</i>
• antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
• immune response
• infection models