The Issue of Misidentification of Kojic Acid with Flufuran in <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>

Abstract

In the course of investigations on the complex phenomenon of bee decline, Aspergillus flavus was isolated from the haemocoel of worker bees. Observations on the metabolomic profile of this strain showed kojic acid to be the dominant product in cultures on Czapek-Dox broth. However, an accurate review of papers documenting secondary metabolite production in A. flavus also showed that an isomer of kojic acid, identified as 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furan-3-carboxylic acid and named flufuran is reported from this species. The spectroscopic data of kojic acid were almost identical to those reported in the literature for flufuran. This motivated a comparative study of commercial kojic acid and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furan-3-carboxylic acid, highlighting some differences, for example in the 13C-NMR and UV spectra for the two compounds, indicating that misidentification of the kojic acid as 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furan-3-carboxylic acid has occurred in the past.

Keywords

• kojic acid
• flufuran
• 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furan-3-carboxylic acid
• <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
• bees
• immunomodulation