Microbial and organic manure fertilization alters rhizosphere bacteria and carotenoids of Citrus reticulata Blanco ‘Orah’

Abstract

Abstract Background Citrus reticulata Blanco ‘Orah’ is one of the most widely grown citrus varieties in southern China. It has been proven that microbial and organic manure fertilization improve the yields and appearances of ‘Orah’ fruits. However, details regarding the mechanisms underlying the effects of combined fertilization on the agronomic traits and rhizosphere bacterial community of plants still need to be elucidated. Results This study compared the rhizosphere bacterial community and carotenoids of ‘Orah’ with (WYT group) and without (WYCK group) combined fertilization in a local orchard in Wuming town from Nanning, Guangxi, China. The WYT group was sprayed with 50 ml Strongreen and 250 g of Yumeiren five times while WYCK group did not sprayed. Combined fertilization increased fruit weight and the Citrus color index (CCI) significantly (p < 0.05). By 16s rRNA sequencing, 7,126 operational taxonomic units (OTU) were obtained. A higher Shannon index was observed in the WYT group compared to that in the WYCK group. Comparison between the two groups showed that Pseudomonas was enriched in the WYT group with LDA (log10) score of 4.32, and Cyanobacteria was enriched in the WYCK group with LDA (log10) score of -4.11. At the family level, Phyllobacteriaceae (abundance mean: 0.0046 in WYCK vs. 0.0073 in WYT) was significantly abundant in the WYT group, whereas Thermosporothrix (abundance mean: 0.00053 in WYCK vs. 0.0019 in WYT) and Sphingobium (abundance mean: 0.00053 in WYCK vs. 0.0013 in WYT) were significantly abundant in the WYCK group. A total of 51 carotenoid components were tested by UPLC-MS/MS. In the pulp tissues, 37 carotenoid components were decreased in the WYT group compared to those in the WYCK group. In fruit skin, 24 significantly different components (7 downregulated and 17 upregulated) were identified in WYT compared to those in WYCK. Correlation analysis revealed that the network between OTUs and carotenoids contained seven carotenoid components and four OTUs. Four OTUs, strain TRA3-20 (a eubacterium), Roseiflexus, OPB35, and Fictibacillus correlated to carotenoid accumulation regulation in fruit skin. Conclusions This study demonstrates the impact of the fertilization on soil microorganisms and carotenoid components. It constructs the regulatory network contained four OTUs for seven carotenoid components, providing evidence on precise fertilization in Orah.

Keywords

• Citrus reticulata Blanco ‘Orah’
• Bacterial communities
• Carotenoids
• Fertilization
• Organic manure