Airspace Diameter Map—A Quantitative Measurement of All Pulmonary Airspaces to Characterize Structural Lung Diseases

Abstract

(1) Background: Stereological estimations significantly contributed to our understanding of lung anatomy and physiology. Taking stereology fully 3-dimensional facilitates the estimation of novel parameters. (2) Methods: We developed a protocol for the analysis of all airspaces of an entire lung. It includes (i) high-resolution synchrotron radiation-based X-ray tomographic microscopy, (ii) image segmentation using the free machine-learning tool Ilastik and ImageJ, and (iii) calculation of the airspace diameter distribution using a diameter map function. To evaluate the new pipeline, lungs from adult mice with cystic fibrosis (CF)-like lung disease (βENaC-transgenic mice) or mice with elastase-induced emphysema were compared to healthy controls. (3) Results: We were able to show the distribution of airspace diameters throughout the entire lung, as well as separately for the conducting airways and the gas exchange area. In the pathobiological context, we observed an irregular widening of parenchymal airspaces in mice with CF-like lung disease and elastase-induced emphysema. Comparable results were obtained when analyzing lungs imaged with μCT, sugges-ting that our pipeline is applicable to different kinds of imaging modalities. (4) Conclusions: We conclude that the airspace diameter map is well suited for a detailed analysis of unevenly distri-buted structural alterations in chronic muco-obstructive lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis and COPD.

Keywords

• lung disease
• cystic fibrosis
• pulmonary emphysema
• image analysis
• artificial intelligence
• X-ray tomographic microscopy