Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Psychosis-Induced Atrial Fibrillation: The Links between Mental Disorder and Arrhythmia

Abstract

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common phenomenon of sustained arrhythmia leading to heart failure or stroke. Patients with mental disorders (MD), particularly schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, are at a high risk of AF triggered by the dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system, atrial stretch, oxidative stress, inflammation, and electrical or structural remodeling. Moreover, pathophysiological mechanisms underlying MD may also contribute to the genesis of AF. An overactivated hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, aberrant renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, abnormal serotonin signaling, disturbed sleep, and genetic/epigenetic factors can adversely alter atrial electrophysiology and structural substrates, leading to the development of AF. In this review, we provide an update of our collective knowledge of the pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms that link MD and AF. Targeting the pathogenic mechanisms of MD-specific AF may facilitate the development of therapeutics that mitigate AF and cardiovascular mortality in this patient population.

Keywords

• atrial fibrillation
• autonomic imbalance
• serotonin
• inflammation
• oxidative stress
• mitochondrial dysfunction
• ion channelopathy
• microrna
• schizophrenia
• bipolar disorder