Impact of the free-streaming neutrinos to the second order induced gravitational waves

Abstract

Abstract The damping effect of the free-streaming neutrinos on the second order gravitational waves is investigated in detail. We solve the Boltzmann equation and give the anisotropic stress induced by neutrinos to second order. The first order tensor and its coupling with scalar perturbations induced gravitational waves are considered. We give the analytic equations of the damping kernel functions and finally obtain the energy density spectrum. The results show that the free-streaming neutrinos suppress the density spectrum significantly for low frequency gravitational waves and enlarge the logarithmic slope n in the infrared region ( $$k \ll k_*$$ k ≪ k ∗ ) of the spectrum. For the spectrum of $$k_*\sim 10^{-7}\,\hbox {Hz}$$ k ∗ ∼ 10 - 7 Hz , the damping effect in the range of $$k<k_*$$ k < k ∗ is significant. The combined effect of the first and second order could reduce the amplitude by $$30\%$$ 30 % and make n jump from 1.54 to 1.63 at $$k\sim 10^{-9}\,\hbox {Hz}$$ k ∼ 10 - 9 Hz , which may be probed by the pulsar timing arrays (PTA) in the future.