PLoS ONE (Jan 2014)

Association between combined lifestyle factors and non-restorative sleep in Japan: a cross-sectional study based on a Japanese health database.

  • Minako Wakasugi,
  • Junichiro James Kazama,
  • Ichiei Narita,
  • Kunitoshi Iseki,
  • Toshiki Moriyama,
  • Kunihiro Yamagata,
  • Shouichi Fujimoto,
  • Kazuhiko Tsuruya,
  • Koichi Asahi,
  • Tsuneo Konta,
  • Kenjiro Kimura,
  • Masahide Kondo,
  • Issei Kurahashi,
  • Yasuo Ohashi,
  • Tsuyoshi Watanabe

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108718
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 9, no. 9
p. e108718

Abstract

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BackgroundAlthough lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking, excessive drinking, obesity, low or no exercise, and unhealthy dietary habits have each been associated with inadequate sleep, little is known about their combined effect. The aim of this study was to quantify the overall impact of lifestyle-related factors on non-restorative sleep in the general Japanese population.Methods and findingsA cross-sectional study of 243,767 participants (men, 39.8%) was performed using the Specific Health Check and Guidance System in Japan. A healthy lifestyle score was calculated by adding up the number of low-risk lifestyle factors for each participant. Low risk was defined as (1) not smoking, (2) body mass indexConclusionsA combination of several unhealthy lifestyle factors was associated with non-restorative sleep among the general Japanese population. Further studies are needed to establish whether general lifestyle modification improves restorative sleep.