Predictors of complications and mortality among patients undergoing pacemaker implantation in resource-limited settings: a 10-year retrospective follow-up study

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Pacemakers (PMs) are used to treat patients with severe bradycardia symptoms. They do, however, pose several complications. Even with these risks, there are only a few studies assessing PM implantation outcomes in resource-limited settings like Ethiopia and other sub-Saharan countries in general. Therefore, this study aims to assess the mid-term outcome of PM implantation in patients who have undergone PM implantation in the Cardiac Center of Ethiopia by identifying the rate and predictors of complications and death. Methodology This retrospective study was conducted at the Cardiac Center of Ethiopia from October 2023 to January 2024 on patients who had PM implantation from September 2012 to August 2023 to assess the midterm outcome of the patients. Complication rate and all-cause mortality rate were the outcomes of our study. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with complications and death. To analyze survival times, a Kaplan–Meier analysis was performed. Results This retrospective follow-up study included 182 patients who underwent PM implantation between September 2012 and August 2023 and were at least 18 years old. The patients' median follow-up duration was 72 months (Interquartile range (IQR): 36–96 months). At the end of the study, 26.4% of patients experienced complications. The three most frequent complications were lead dislodgement, which affected 6.6% of patients, PM-induced tachycardia, which affected 5.5% of patients, and early battery depletion, which affected 5.5% of patients. Older age (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 1.1, 95% CI 1.04–1.1, p value < 0.001), being female (AOR 4.5, 95%CI 2–9.9, p value < 0.001), having dual chamber PM (AOR 2.95, 95%CI 1.14–7.6, p value = 0.006) were predictors of complications. Thirty-one (17%) patients died during the follow-up period. The survival rates of our patients at 3, 5, and 10 years were 94.4%, 92.1%, and 65.5% respectively with a median survival time of 11 years. Patients with a higher Charlson comorbidity index before PM implantation (AOR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.8, p = 0.04), presence of complications (AOR 3.5, 95% CI 1.2–10.6, p < 0.03), and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV (AOR 3.3, 95% CI 1.05–10.1, p = 0.04) were associated with mortality. Conclusion Many complications were experienced by patients who had PMs implanted, and several factors affected their prognosis. Thus, it is essential to identify predictors of both complications and mortality to prioritize and address the manageable factors associated with both mortality and complications.

Keywords

• Pacemaker
• Complication
• Mortality
• Predictors
• Sub-Saharan
• Resource-Limited