Relationships between pacific and atlantic ocean sea surface temperatures and water levels from satellite altimetry data in the Amazon rivers

Abstract

ABSTRACT The influence of SST (Sea Surface Temperature) of adjacent oceans on the variability of water levels in the Amazon basin was investigated by using radar altimetry from the ENVISAT and Jason-2 missions. Data from the in situ network was used to compare the correlations of water level and SST anomalies in the sub-basins of the Amazonas-Peru, Solimões, Negro and Madeira Rivers. The analysis was made on the monthly and annual scales between 2003 and 2015. The correlations with anomalies of levels from altimetry presented higher accuracy indices than those from the conventional network. In general, ATN and PAC are better correlated with the entire basin. During the flood months, most of the sub-basins presented negative associations with ATN. In the months of ebb, the response to the indexes varies according to the region. The satellite altimetry data permitted to reach regions non-monitored by the conventional network. We also analyzed the impacts of hydrological extremes in all these sub-regions in the last 13 years. In Western Amazon, the drought of 2010 stands out, associated with the warming of the Tropical Atlantic and the El Niño. In the Negro River, the water level anomalies were the lowest in the basin during the 2005 drought. In the Purus River, the effects of the 2010 drought that affected the entire Amazon, were higher in 2011 due to its strong relationship with the Atlântic and Pacific oceans. In general, hydrological extremes are stronger or highlighted when SST increases simultaneously in both oceans.

Keywords

• Amazon Basin
• Climatic variability
• Radar altimetry
• SST indices