A Microfluidic-Based Sensing Platform for Rapid Quality Control on Target Cells from Bioreactors

Abstract

We investigated the design and characterization of a Lab-On-a-Chip (LoC) cell detection system primarily designed to support immunotherapy in cancer treatment. Immunotherapy uses Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs) and T Cell Receptors (TCRs) to fight cancer, engineering the response of the immune system. In recent years, it has emerged as a promising strategy for personalized cancer treatment. However, it requires bioreactor-based cell culture expansion and manual quality control (QC) of the modified cells, which is time-consuming, labour-intensive, and prone to errors. The miniaturized LoC device for automated QC demonstrated here is simple, has a low cost, and is reliable. Its final target is to become one of the building blocks of an LoC for immunotherapy, which would take the place of present labs and manual procedures to the benefit of throughput and affordability. The core of the system is a commercial, on-chip-integrated capacitive sensor managed by a microcontroller capable of sensing cells as accurately measured charge variations. The hardware is based on standardized components, which makes it suitable for mass manufacturing. Moreover, unlike in other cell detection solutions, no external AC source is required. The device has been characterized with a cell line model selectively labelled with gold nanoparticles to simulate its future use in bioreactors in which labelling can apply to successfully engineered CAR-T-cells. Experiments were run both in the air—free drop with no microfluidics—and in the channel, where the fluid volume was considerably lower than in the drop. The device showed good sensitivity even with a low number of cells—around 120, compared with the 107 to 108 needed per kilogram of body weight—which is desirable for a good outcome of the expansion process. Since cell detection is needed in several contexts other than immunotherapy, the usefulness of this LoC goes potentially beyond the scope considered here.

Keywords

• lab-on-chip
• cell detection
• capacitive sensor
• on-chip sensor
• CAR-T quality control