Do E-cigarettes and vaping have a lower risk of osteoporosis, nonunion, and infection than tobacco smoking?

• Thomas Nicholson,
• Aaron Scott,
• Matthew Newton Ede,
• Simon W. Jones

Affiliations

Thomas Nicholson

MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Medical School, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Aaron Scott

Birmingham Acute Care Research Group Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Matthew Newton Ede

Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham, UK

Simon W. Jones

MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Medical School, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK