Adverse effects of prenatal exposure to airborne particulate matter on the fetus and newborn

Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) is a group of solid and liquid elements produced by different anthropogenic and natural activities, which are emitted directly into the air. It has different physicochemical and thermodynamic properties and according to its aerodynamic diameter, it can be classified as PM10 (<10 μm), PM2.5 (<2.5 μm) and PM0.1 (<0.1 μm). It can be inhaled and reach other organs from the lungs, causing respiratory, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, among others. Considering that the foetus is susceptible to air pollutants such as PM through gestational exposure, and that early life disturbances are crucial for development, PM can cause various disorders or complications including premature birth, low birth weight and neuropsychological damage, among others. This review summarizes the epidemiological evidence that demonstrates the relationship between maternal exposure to PM and adverse outcomes in foetal development, birth, and childhood, as well as some molecular mechanisms that could explain these associations.

Keywords

• air pollution
• inflammation
• oxidative stress
• particulate matter
• pregnancy complications